باروری و احساس شادکامی زنان (نمونه مورد مطالعه زنان متاهل شهرستان ساری

یار احمدی, علی; تشکری, آزاده

باروری و احساس شادکامی زنان (نمونه مورد مطالعه زنان متاهل شهرستان ساری

نویسندگان

علی یار احمدی ¹

آزاده تشکری ²

¹ استادیار جمعیت شناسی، بخش جامعه شناسی و برنامه ریزی اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز

² کارشناسی ارشد جمعیت شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

رابطه بین باروری و احساس شادکامی یکی از حوزههای بازظهور تحقیق است که ادبیات مطالعات باروری را تقویت می‌کند هدف اساسی در مطالعات مذکور پاسخ به این سوال است که آیا داشتن فرزند به ارتقاء شرایط زندگی و به ویژه افزایش حس خوشبختی کمک میکند. هدف این مطالعه نیز پاسخ به این سوال است. مطالعه حاضر با روش کمی و با تکنیک پیمایش در بین زنان متأهل شهر ساری انجام گرفته است. نمونه مورد بررسی در این تحقیق ۳۸۴ نفر است. روش کار متکی بر مدل نظری دینر است که در سنجش متغیر وابسته از مقیاس رضایت زندگی دینر) و دیگران (۱۹۸۵) و عاطفه مثبت و منفی واتسون کلارک و تله گن (۱۹۸۸) استفاده شده است. نتایج مطالعه نشان میدهد که در بررسیهای مقدماتی یک همبستگی منفی بین باروری و شادکامی زنان مشاهده میشود اما در مدلهای کنترلی این نتیجه به دست آمد که رابطه منفی بین باروری و شادکامی رابطه پایداری نیست و تحت تأثیر تحصیلات و سلامت زنان است. با این وجود به نظر میرسد که زمانی که تعداد فرزندان از ۳ فرزند بیشتر میشود رابطه منفی بین باروری و شادکامی معناداری بیشتر می یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

باروری

احساس شادکامی

بهزیستی ذهنی

رضایت از زندگی

دیتر

ساری

مازندران

عنوان مقاله English

Fertility and Women's Subjective Wellbeing in Sari City of Mazandaran Province

نویسندگان English

Aliyar Ahmadi ¹

Azadeh Tashakori ²

¹ Assistant Professor of Demography, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Shiraz University

² M. A in Demography, Shiraz University

چکیده English

Linking subjective wellbeing with fertility is a reemerging area of research, making a recent addition to the literature of fertility concerns. Answering the question, whether having child/children enhances parents' happiness is of great importance. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between women's subjective wellbeing and fertility. This article is based on a survey with a sample comprised of 384 women aged 15-60 conducted in the city of Sari, in 2012. The questionnaire was prepared based on Diener's Scale of Subjective Wellbeing including: "Satisfaction with life scale and Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS)". For the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha technique was calculated, resulting in an alpha of 0.87 for the (SWLS) and 0.90 and 0.87 for Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS), respectively. The results reveal that there is an initial significant reverse relationship between fertility and subjective wellbeing (r=-0.122, P-value <0.05). This relationship loses its significance when age, level of education and health are controlled, indicating the non-important effect of fertility on Subjective wellbeing. However, comparing the wellbeing of women with more than 3 children with that of women with 3 children or fewer, the difference is not deniable.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Fertility

Subjective Wellbeing

Diener's Scale

Satisfaction with life

Positive and negative affect scale

Sari

Mazandaran

راستی مریم، رمضان حسن زاده و بهرام میرزائیان (1391) مقایسه ویژگیهای شخصیت و شادکامی در بین زنان بارور و نابارور، سلامت خانواده پاییز 1391; 1(2): 27-33.
محمودیان حسین و مهدی رضایی (1391) زنان و کنش کم فرزندآوری؛ مطالعه ی موردی زنان کُرد، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی زنان، (55) 14: 173-227.

Aassve, A., Goisis, A., & Sironi, M. (2012). Happiness and childbearing across Europe. Social indicators research, 108(1), 65-86.

Abbey, A., Andrews, F. M., & Halman, L. J. (1994). Infertility and parenthood: does becoming a parent increase well-being? Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 62(2), 398.
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress, and coping, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility Demographic and economic change in developed countries (pp. 209-240): Columbia University Press.
Billari, F. C., & Kohler, H.-P. (2009). Fertility and happiness in the XXI century: institutions, preferences, and their interactions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Detroit.
Booth, A., Rustenbach, E., & McHale, S. (2008). Early family transitions and depressive symptom changes from adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 3-14.
Bures, R. M., Koropeckyj-Cox, T., & Loree, M. (2009). Childlessness, parenthood, and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Family Issues, 30(5), 670-687.
Diener, E. Emmons, A. Larson, J. & Griffin, S. (1985). “The Satisfaction with life scale”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, Edward. (2000).”Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index”. American Psychologist,55,34-43.
Easterlin, Richard. (2003b). “Building a better theory of well-being”. Presented at the conference in University of Milano-Bicocca.
Easterlin, Richard. (2005).” A Puzzle for Adaptive Theory”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 56: 513-521.
Hakim, C. (2003). A new approach to explaining fertility patterns: Preference theory. Population and Development Review, 29(3), 349-374.
Hobcraft, J. (2006). The ABC of demographic behaviour: How the interplays of alleles, brains, and contexts over the life course should shape research aimed at understanding population processes. Population studies, 60(2), 153-187.
Hoffman, L. W., & Hoffman, M. L. (1973). The value of children to parents. in J.T. Fawcett, (ed) Psychological perspective on population. New York, Basic Books, 1973. p. 19-76 -
Kikendall, K. A. (1994). Self-discrepancy as an important factor in addressing women's emotional reactions to infertility. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25(3), 214.
Kohler, H. P., Behrman, J. R., & Skytthe, A. (2005). Partner+ Children= Happiness? The Effects of Partnerships and Fertility on Well‐ Population and Development Review, 31(3), 407-445.
Koropeckyj‐Cox, T. (2002). Beyond parental status: Psychological well‐being in middle and old age. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(4), 957-971.
Lee-Rife, Susan. Malhotra, Anju. Namy, Sophie. (2010).” Testing the link between fertility declines and women’s empowerment in developing countries”. Princeton University.
Lin, Nan. (1976) Foundations of Social Research, New York: McGraw
Margolis, R., & Myrskylä, M. (2011). A global perspective on happiness and fertility. Population and Development Review, 37(1), 29-56.
Matthews, R., & Matthews, A. M. (1986). Infertility and involuntary childlessness: The transition to nonparenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 641-649.
McLanahan, S., & Adams, J. (1984). The changing effects of children on subjective well-being. University of Wisconsin—Madison Center for Demography and Ecology, Working Paper, 84-16.
McLanahan, S., & Adams, J. (1989). The effects of children on adults' psychological well-being: 1957–1976. Social Forces, 68(1), 124-146.
McQuillan, J., Greil, A. L., White, L., & Jacob, M. C. (2003). Frustrated fertility: Infertility and psychological distress among women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(4), 1007-1018.
Mirowsky, J. (2005). Age at first birth, health, and mortality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(1), 32-50.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress: Transaction Publishers.
Nauck, B. (2007). Value of children and the framing of fertility: Results from a cross-cultural comparative survey in 10 societies. European Sociological Review, 23(5), 615-629.
Nauck, B., & Klaus, D. (2007). The Varying Value of Children Empirical Results from Eleven Societies in Asia, Africa and Europe. Current Sociology, 55(4), 487-503.
Phua, K.l. (2000). “Changing Family Dynamics in Malaysia and Singapore: What is the Implication for Individual Well Being”. Sspp.net.Papers/4.
Raymo, J. M., Kikuzawa, S., Liang, J., & Kobayashi, E. (2008). Family structure and well-being at older ages in Japan. Journal of Population Research, 25(3), 379-400.
Schoen, R., Kim, Y. J., Nathanson, C. A., Fields, J., & Astone, N. M. (1997). Why do Americans want children? Population and Development Review, 23(2), 333-358.
Spence, N. J. (2008). The long-term consequences of childbearing physical and psychological well-being of mothers in later life. Research on Aging, 30(6), 722-751.
Sudha, S., Mutran, E. J., Williams, I. C., & Suchindran, C. (2006). Childbearing History and Self-Reported Well-Being in Later Life Contrasting Older African American and White Women. Research on Aging, 28(5), 599-621.
Taylor, J. L. (2009). Midlife impacts of adolescent parenthood. Journal of Family Issues, 30(4), 484-510.
Thornton, A., & Young‐DeMarco, L. (2001). Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: The 1960s through the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 1009-1037.
Umberson, D., & Gove, W. R. (1989). Parenthood and Psychological Well-Being Theory, Measurement, and Stage in the Family Life Course. Journal of Family Issues, 10(4), 440-462.
Van de Kaa, D. J. (1987). Europe's second demographic transition. Population bulletin, 42(1), 1.
Watson, David. Clark, Lee Anna. Tellegen, Auke. (1988).”Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales”. Journal of Personal Social Psychol.47: 1063-70
Zhang, Z., & Hayward, M. D. (2001). Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older persons. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(5), S311-S320.