Determinants and Consequences of Early Marriage: A Meta-Synthesis

Ashayeri, Taha; Jahanparvar, Tahereh; Ashtari-Mehrjerdi, Abazar

doi:10.22034/jpai.2024.2008687.1306

Determinants and Consequences of Early Marriage: A Meta-Synthesis

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Taha Ashayeri ¹

Tahereh Jahanparvar ²

Abazar Ashtari-Mehrjerdi ³

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of History and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil. Iran of Ardabili , Ardabil, Iran

² PhD Candidate in Cultural Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Communication and Media, Islamic Azad University (Tehran Central Branch), Tehran, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Institute for Cultural, Social and Civilization Studies, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran

10.22034/jpai.2024.2008687.1306

Abstract

Marriages under the age of 18 are known as child marriages. The main objective of this research is to study the factors influencing child marriage and its multiple consequences. The research method is a qualitative meta-synthesis inductive type covering the period from 2010 to 2023. Using non-probability (purposive) sampling, 96 scientific documents were extracted from NoorMags, Magiran, and IranDoc scientific databases. After screening and selection, 55 documents were chosen as the sample size and entered the analysis phase. The findings indicate that cultural factors (cultural poverty, low status of knowledge, cultural pressure, norms, and beliefs); social factors (family violence, collapse of social capital, collapse of the family institution, risky lifestyle, social pressures); economic factors (pressure of poor life, relative deprivation, insecure job future, materialistic view of marriage); psychological factors (psychological fear, low self-esteem, negative label, psychological pressures); and contextual-demographic factors have significantly contributed to the emergence and prevalence of child marriage. Child marriages have also had consequences that lead to marital crises, high-risk marital behaviors, cultural poverty, increasing economic burden, identity crises, feelings of insecurity, violence, decreased physical health, and unsafe lifestyles.

Extended Abstract
Introduction
Child marriage, in some provinces of Iran, has occurred earlier than the legal age, influenced by social, economic, psychological, and cultural norms. Although marriage is a vital aspect of human life and the survival of the family institution, contributing to the reduction of abnormalities and social harms, child marriage can have various negative consequences. The incidence of child marriage has increased in the provinces of the country due to traditional contexts, ethnic norms and practices, as well as socio-economic pressures from 2011 to 2023. Various researches have been conducted on its reasons and consequences, indicating the abundance of studies in this field. Given the breadth of studies (55 documents), the current research aims to meta-synthesize these findings due to the large volume of scientific works and the lack of empirical coherence in the findings. This research seeks to identify and analyze the most important reasons and consequences (effects) of child marriage in the provinces of Iran.

Methods and Data
Given the nature of the research (systematic review), the current research method is qualitative meta-synthesize. The research covers the period of 2011 to 2023. The statistical population included 96 documents from NoorMags, Magiran and IranDoc and free search on Google. These documents were examined using a non-probability (purposive) sampling method through screening and selection, with 55 documents remaining for the final analysis. Excel and Maxqda software were used for coding and drawing a tree diagram to analyze the texts. The Kappa index was used to measure the validity and reliability of the concepts, with values ranging from 0 and 1. The closer the Kappa value is to one, the better the consensus between the evaluators. Finally, based on the number of different and similar concepts created, the Kappa value was determined. The validity of the research, using expert opinions and the Kappa test, was estimated to be above 0.60.

Findings
1) Economic factors: The economy plays a crucial role in shaping social and cultural behaviors. Many actions and decisions are guided by economic evaluations, leading to serious and practical actions. The economic environment, including the pressures of poverty on individuals and family members, living in deprived areas with limited facilities, and the fear of not securing a stable job to achieve independence and meet social needs, has resulted in the predominance of material-financial attitudes over the cultural-social aspects of marriage. This has led to an increase in marriages under the age of 18 as a means to reduce economic pressures and form a family aimed at achieving economic independence (providing food, clothing, and housing).
2) Social factors: Based on the review of studies, child marriage from 2011 to 2023 is also influenced by social factors. The findings reveal that the increase in family violence (insecurity within the family environment), the decline in social capital, dysfunction and collapse of the family structure (leading to fragmented, crisis-ridden, and chaotic families), the emergence of high-risk lifestyles (addiction, unhealthy moral and social life, extramarital relations) and social pressures (poverty, social exclusion, peer pressure, and social labeling of single girls) have contributed to the normalization of child marriage in society.
3) Cultural factors: The results show that cultural poverty, low levels of knowledge, cultural pressures, and cultural norms and beliefs have played an important role in the tendency toward child marriage and its social acceptance in the provinces of the country. Societal pressures force individuals to marry early.

Conclusion and Discussion
Culture, with local education and traditions passed down from previous generations, keeps people trapped in cultural deprivation or poverty. Marriage, influenced by fatalistic beliefs and generational social norms, becomes a decision that individuals outside this cultural space cannot make independently. The devaluation of knowledge and the traditional society's low desire to continue the education of female children, coupled with the limited capacity to attract educated individuals, have led women to focus more on their traditional roles, such as housekeeping, childbearing, and achieving financial-economic independence through child marriage.
The economy, encompassing financial resources, income, money, financial-material capital, and basic needs (food, clothing, and housing), prioritizes individual actions over marriage. The unfavorable economic conditions and business environment, along with the pressures of poverty and economic needs, create mechanisms to escape these situations. Timely marriage and quick responses to suitors become strategies to reduce economic pressures and secure financial support. In the subconscious of children and parents, thoughts of reducing burdens and escaping poverty and financial crises lead to the materialization of marriage. An insecure job future and the flood of unemployed university graduates and young people, combined with class gaps and relative deprivation, accelerate and spread child marriage.
To avoid tense and violent atmospheres, children consider marriage and family formation as viable options. The decline in social capital (trust, cohesion, support, participation) and family affection, along with the collapse of the family structure, reduce the importance and quality of marriage. As a result, individuals and their families do not take the issue seriously. The reduction in the efficiency of the family's internal space, educational crises, marital incompatibility, violence between family members, and decreased social commitment to each other strengthen the grounds for child marriage.
From childhood, societal practices such as gender-specific expectations are taken seriously. When women do not feel safe within the family and society, they seek social approval and support through marriage. The stigma of being an "old girl" and the psychological pressure of not finding a husband in time lead to harassment and stress. Given the limited options for choosing a spouse, quick marriage becomes more preferable for families and young people. Additionally, low self-esteem, lack of psychological independence, lack of social-psychological skills, social isolation, and inability to make decisions, along with the interference of others and submission to relatives' decisions, lead women to choose child marriage.

Acknowledgment
This article was based on the research project supported by the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, titled "Factors Affecting Early Marriage and Its Consequences: A Meta-Synthesis of Studies from 2010 to 2022" under contract number 29324/D/1402. We extend our sincere thanks for this support.

Keywords

Child marriage

Stigma of single

Patriarchal culture

Materialistic values of marriage

Ahmadi, S., Hamidpoor, K., Sedaghat, H., & Karami, F. (2021). Violence against Women: The Rule of Patriarchal Ideology and the Hegemony of Male Domination (Case study: Women in Bushehr). Woman in Development & Politics, 19(4), 545-572. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2021.325102.1008028

Ahmadi, V., & Rezaei, A. (2014). The Study of Early Marriage in Iran Provinces, 2005-2010, Jamiat, 22(93/94), 83-96. [In Persian]. http://ensani.ir/fa/article/387502

Ahmady, K. (2021). An Echo of Silence: A Comprehensive Research on Early Child Marriage in Iran. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2(2), 508-527. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/aftj.2022.338197.1533

Akbari, M.A. & Pour-Qanbar, Mohammad H. (2019). Early marriage of girls in urban areas of Iran during the 1960s and 1970s (A case study of Tehran), Historical Sociology, 11(1), 23-44. [In Persian]. https://jhs.modares.ac.ir/article-25-19242-en.html

Aliabadi, A. (2013). A study of social factors related to the tendency of girls to be solo-living, Master Thesis, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran. [In Persian].

Alipour Abdar, F. (2020). Investigating the underlying causes of child marriage in Tabriz city, Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz. [In Persian].

Askari-Nodoushan, A., Ruhani, A., & Ghoroghchian, Z. (2019). Patriarchal Contexts of Female Early Marriage among Afghan Migrants in the City of Yazd. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 13(4), 78-110. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jss.2019.47855

Azkia, M. & Ghaffari, Gh. (2023), Sociology of Development, Tehran: Andisheye Ehsan Press. [In Persian].

Azkia, M. (2012), An Introduction to the Sociology of Rural Development, Tehran: Kalameh. [In Persian].

Bahar, G., & Mirhosseini, Z. (2020). A study of women's understanding and perception of child marriage, Master Thesis, Al-Zahra University. [In Persian].

Bahrami Khandan, R. (2021). Explaining the lived experience of divorced and child-married women, Master Thesis, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Razi University. [In Persian].

BankipourFard, A.H., Kalantari, M., & MasoudiNia, Z. (2021). Introduction to the marriage statistics of young people in Iran, Marefat in Islamic University, 15(3), 47-26. [In Persian]. https://ensani.ir/fa/article/339768

Bazrafshan-Afrakti, A., Darzi-Khalardi, G., Mohammadian, F. and Ghorbanian, F. (2022). Factors of early marriage of rural girls in Mazandaran province, The 2^nd Conference on Social Sciences, Psychology, Educational Sciences and Humanities. [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1448565

Bourdieu, P. (2021). Theory of Action: Practical Reasons and Rational Choice, (Translated to Persian by M. Mardiha), Tehran: Naqsh and Negar.

Ebrahimi, H., & Fakhrai, S. (2011). Investigation of social factors related to early marriage in Naqdeh, Journal of Sociology Studies, 6(21), 93-110. [In Persian]. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jss/Article/957817

Eftekharzade, S.Z. (2015). Lived Experiences of Female Victims of Child Marriage. Journal of Social Work Research, 2(3), 108-156. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22054/rjsw.2015.4746

Eghtesad, A. & Sadeghi, F. (2022). Investigating the factors affecting the early marriage of female students in Bakharz city and ways to prevent it, 4th National Conference on Professional Research in Psychology and Counseling with a Teacher Perspective, Minab, [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1527618

Elahyari, M., & Gholamrezaei, H. (2021). The causes of the prevalence of child marriage in Sistan and Baluchistan province, The 3^rd International Conference on Educational Sciences, Psychology and Counseling, Education and Research, Tehran. [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1258905

Farahmand, M., Danafer, F. & Pour-Ebrahimabadi, M. (2019). Analyzing the marital experiences of child marriage: emotional-intellectual entanglement and powerlessness, Contemporary Sociological Research, 9(17), 115-147. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22084/csr.2021.22142.1833

Fatehi Dehaghani, A., & Mohammad Nazari, A. (2011). Sociological Analysis of Factors Contributing to Couples' Tendency toward Divorce in Isfahan Province. Societal Security Studies, 2(25), 13-54. [In Persian]. http://sss.jrl.police.ir/article_11894.html

Fazeli, N. (2011). Culture and City, Tehran: Tisa. [In Persian].

Ghodsi, M., Barabadi, H.A.B., & Heydarnia, A.H. (2018). Effectiveness of narrative therapy on Reducing Divorce Tendency and Its Components in Women with Early Marriage. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 9(33), 73-98. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2018.28555.1712

Goode, J. (2002). How Urban Ethnography Counters Myths about the Poo. In Gmelch, G. & Zenner, W.P. (eds), Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City, (pp. 279-295), Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

Grossbard-schectman, S. (2019). On the economics of marriage: A theory of marriage, labor, and divorce. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429300592

Habibpour Gatabi, K., & Ghaffary, G. (2011). A Study on The Causes of Rising Mariage Age Among Girls. Woman in Development & Politics, 9(1), 7-34. [In Persian]. https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_22491.html

Hasheminasab, F., Maghsoudi, S., & Ghanadzade, M. (2022). Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Child Marriage among Divorcees in Kerman City. Social Problems of Iran. 13(1), 271-291. [In Persian]. http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3385-en.html

Heidari, H, Kimiaei. S.A, Khoinejad, G., & Mashhadi, A. (2019), Discovering the Factors Affecting Divorce in Early Marriages: A Systematic Qualitative Study. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 17(2), 314-323. [In Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/rbs.17.2.314

Hemati, R. (2019). The lived experience of women in early marriage in Sistan and Baluchistan and Tehran, Master thesis, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Al-Zahra University. [In Persian].

Hosseinyfar, M., & Akbari, Z. (2020). The study of Social Consequences of Early Marriage on girls’ education (Case study: Esfarvarin’s girl students), Journal of Reseach in Social Studies Education, 1(2), 123-146. [In Persian].
https://dorl.net/dor/ 20.1001.1.27832279.1398.1.2.7.4

Imani-Asl, F. (2020). Psychological analysis of the early marriage business of female students in Mehraban region, Master Thesis, Payam Noor University of East Azerbaijan (Tabriz Center). [In Persian].

Imanzadeh, A. & Alipour, S. (2015). Lived Experiences of Married Women in the Early Marriage Problems, Woman Cultural Psychology, 8(30), 31-46. [In Persian]. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/jwc/Article/529393?jid=529393

Islami, P. (2021). Cultural poverty, causes and contexes of poverty, The 9th Scientific and Research Conference on Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Harms of Iran, Tehran, [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1375596

Janadleh, A., & Rahnama, M. (2015). Change in Conventional Pattern of Iranian Family (Secondary Analysis of National Data). Journal of Family Research, 10(3), 277-296. [In Persian]. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96503.html

Javadi, E. & Alizadeh-Aghdam, M.B. (2021). Examining the causes of the tendency to child marriage among some rural and urban families, the 7th National Conference of Modern Researches in the Humanities and Social Studies of Iran, Tehran. [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1380367

Javadian, S., Shomali Ahmadabadi, E., Torkashvand moradabadi, M., & Abedi, M. (2019). The Context and Consequences of Early Marriage of 13-16 Years Old Girls in Ardakan. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 13(4), 31-54. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jss.2019.47853

Javidan, M., & Tahmasabi-Fard, Z. (2022). Studying and examining the individual consequences of child marriage in Tabriz city, The 4^th National Conference on Professional Research in Psychology and Counseling with an Approach from the Teacher's Point of View. [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1528551

Kalhor, S., Khazaei, S., Rahmanipour, R. & Karimpour, N. (2018). Marriage of girls at a young age, the current situation and dimensions of the problem, Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Report No: 15991. [In Persian]. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1069117

Kamali, F., Safiri, K., & Asadpour, A. (2022). Child-spouse strategies in dealing with life issues Marital (comparison of two groups of children-spouses). Journal of Woman and Society, 13(50), 169-196. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30495/jzvj.2022.28616.3629

Karamshahi-Amjazi, H. (2020). The attitude of the people of Kahnouj city towards the phenomenon of child marriage and its determinants, Master thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Hormozgan University. [In Persian].

Kazemi-SheikhShabani, S.S. (2021). Child marriage and the harmful effects of early fertility, a case study: Shahrekord women who were married under the age of 18, The 8th International Conference on New Findings in Obstetrics, Gynecology, Childbirth and Infertility, [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1566352

Khosravi, M. (2021). Child marriage in Zanjan city, Master Thesis, Payam Noor University, South-Tehran. [In Persian].

Kirti, A. Kumar, P. & Yadav, R (2011). The face of honour-based crimes: Global concerns and solutions. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 6(1-2), 343-357. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/face-honour-based-crimes-global-concerns/docview/1011050411/se-2

Kokabi, S. (2020). A qualitative study of the lived experience of child marriage among female students of the first secondary school in Durood, Master Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University. [In Persian].

Krause, H.D. (2000). Marriage for the New Millennium: Heterosexual, Same Sex—Or Not at All? Family Law Quarterly, 34(2), 271–300. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25740290

Kurtz, D. V. (2014). Culture, poverty, politics: Cultural sociologists, Oscar Lewis, Antonio Gramsci. Critique of Anthropology, 34(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X14530577

Lewis, O. (1975). The Culture of Poverty and its Recognition, (Translated to Persian by Rajab Ali Hasabi), Tabriz: Nobel.

Lotfi, R. (2008). Health consequences of early marriage in women, Women and Health Quarterly, 1(2), 1-13. [In Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/221855/en

Mahdavi Fard, F., Gudari, H., & Bagherinia, H. (2020). Investigation of socio-economic and cultural factors related to women's marriage age with an emphasis on early marriage in the two villages of Gonabad and Roshanavand, The 1^st National Conference on Social and Cultural Issues and Challenges of the Iranian Muslim Family, Birjand, Birjand University. [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1418751

Mahini, M., Shayganmehr, A., Asl-Rahimi, W., & Mardi, A. (2019). Investigating the prevalence of social harms with an emphasis on early marriage and its consequences in East Azarbaijan province, The Second National Conference on Social Harms, Ardabil, [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1035528

Maqsoodi, M. (2008). Anthropology of Family and Kinship, Tehran: Shirazeh Pub. [In Persian].

Matouschek, N., & Rasul, I. (2008). The economics of the marriage contract: Theories and evidence. The Journal of Law & Economics, 51(1), 59–110. https://doi.org/10.1086/588596

Meetoo, V., & Mirza, H. (2007). There is nothing ‘honourable’ about honour killings: globalization, Introduction of a Special Issue: Guest Editor”. Canadian Criminal Law Review, 16(2), 103–114.

Meqdadi, M.M. & Javadpour, M. (2017). The effect of early marriage on children's sexual health and mechanisms to deal with it, Medical Law Quarterly, 11(40), 31-60. [In Persian]. http://ijmedicallaw.ir/article-1-705-en.html

Mohammadi, S. (2019). Investigating the phenomenon of child marriage among the Baloch ethnic group and its relationship with the desirability of marital relationships and psychological distress with the mediation of lifestyles, Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Hatef Institute of Higher Education. [In Persian].

Mortazavi, S. K., & Pakzad, S. (2017). Women's Attitudes toward Male Authoritarianism Using the Model of Pierre Bourdieu (Case Study: The Clan of Dehbalai of Ilam city). Women Studies, 8(21), 117-146. [In Persian]. https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_2731.html

Nezam al-Islami, N.Z. (2018). The lived experience of child marriage from the perspective of child women, Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Ayatollah Azami University of Borujerdi. [In Persian].

Nikro, Z. & Shirinkam, I. (2022). Investigating the reasons for early marriage in rural women of Oz city, The 2^nd national conference of applied studies in education processes, Bandar Abbas, [In Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/1648555

Nojavani, F. (2019). Investigating the tendency towards child marriage and socio-economic factors related to it among secondary school female students in Benab city, Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Tabriz University. [In Persian].

Ojaghlo, S., & Saraie, H. (2014). A study of temporal changes of child value in Iran (Zanjan city women). Social Studies and Research in Iran, 3(2), 261-283. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jisr.2014.53139

Omrani-Nejad, R., Hashem-Zehi, N., Khabiri, K., Molla-Noruzy, K., & Ghadimi, B. (2021). Identifying social, psychological and physiological factors related to the early marriage of girls in Qom: A grounded theory. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 19(1), 45-86. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22051/jwsps.2021.33727.2324

Pourabbasi, S., Kord-Zanganeh, J., & Sharifi, M. (2023). Determinants of Women's Early Marriage in Ahvaz District, Iran. Journal of Population Association of Iran, 17(34), 179-206. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jpai.2023.1988905.1267

PourEbrahim Gol-Galaye, K. (2017). Maternal phenomenology of women who experienced early marriage in the Shahivand ethnic group, Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University. [In Persian].

Qayyumi-Lari, A. (2019). Lived experience of women in early marriage in Gerash city, Master Thesis, Faculty of Economics, Shiraz University. [In Persian].

Rahimi Namdar, N. (2019). Sociological investigation of the tendency towards child marriage and its related factors among female students of the second secondary school in Tabriz district, Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz. [In Persian].

Rowland, D. T. (2007). Historical Trends in Childlessness. Journal of Family Issues, 28(10), 1311-1337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07303823

Rubio, G. (2014). How Love Conquered Marriage: Theory and Evidence on the Disappearance of Arranged Marriages, Retrieved 08 September 2024 from: https://sites.bu.edu/neudc/files/2014/10/paper_80.pdf

Ruhani, A., Askari-Nodoushan, A., & Ghoroghchian, Z. (2019). The Interaction of Early Marriage Internalization and Resistance against It: The Case of Second Generation Afghan Migrant Women in Yazd, Iran. Iranian Population Studies, 5(1), 177-216. [In Persian]. https://jips.nipr.ac.ir/article_108235.html

Sadati, S.Z. (2023). The effect of cultural and social factors on the tendency of early marriage of first and second high school female students of Babol city, Woman and Society, 14(53), 129-144. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30495/jzvj.2023.30377.3837

Sadeghi-Fasaei, S., & ErfanManesh, I. (2013). Social Analysis of Modernization Impacts on Iranian Families and the Necessity of Planning an Iranian-Islamic Example. Journal of Woman in Culture and Arts, 5(1), 63-84. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwica.2013.30353

Safavi, H.S., & Minaei, M. (2015). Lived Experiences of Teenage Girls as Wives: Case Study of Girls’ Early Marriage in AranvaBidgol. Women Studies, 6, 87-106. [In Persian]. https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1698.html

Saidi, S. (2017). An Ethnographic Research on the Phenomenon of Early Marriage Among Afghan Immigrants (Hazara ethnic group) in Hamburg (Germany) and Tehran (Iran). Iranian Journal of Anthropological Research, 7(1), 73-93. [In Persian]. https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_65838.html

Salari, I., Moin, L., Sohami, S., & Haghighi, H. (2013). Investigating the Relationship of Patriarchal Culture ‎and Homogamy with Marital Conflicts among ‎Married Female Teachers and Nurses, Journal of Women and Study of Family, 6(19), 114-95. [In Persian]. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/jwsf/Article/519768?jid=519768

Salimi, A. & Davari, M. (2008). Sociology of Deviance, Qom: Research Institute of Hoza and University. [In Persian].

Saroukhani, B. (2010). Introduction to Family Sociology, Tehran: Soroush Publications. [In Persian].

Sayyadian Barkhordar, M., & Anbari, M. (2023). Child Wifehood Custom and Inequality in the Formal Education of Rural Girls (Study on the Rurals of Aleshtar City). Iranian Journal of Antheropology, 19(35), 111-136. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17352096.1401.19.35.5.9

Seifollahi, S. & Razaghian, A. (2008). Social factors affecting women's gender identity in Iran (Case study: Tehran), Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 1-28. [In Persian]. http://ensani.ir/fa/article/229722

Selahshor, E. & Habibpour-Getai, K. (2022). Sociological analysis of the role of poverty in Chabahar women's experience and understanding of marriage, Research in Deviance and Social Problems, 2(1), 31-75. [In Persian]. https://risi.ihss.ac.ir/Article/36809

Selahshor, E. (2020). The formation process of the problem of child marriage in Chabahar city, Master Thesis, Kharazmi University. [In Persian].

Selahshor, N. (2019). Investigating the social factors affecting the early marriage of women in Talesh city, Master Thesis, Department of Social Sciences, Koshiar Institute of Higher Education. [In Persian].

Siahbidi-Kermanshahi, S., Bahrampouri, R., & Kouhestani, M. (2020). A Jurisprudential-Legal Analysis of the Child Marriage Issue in the Light of Criticism Leveled against this Phenomenon: An Attempt to Offer a Favorable Proposition. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational, 15(52), 149-165. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26454955.1399.15.52.7.0

Talebi, A., & Veici, S. (2012). The Relationship between Romantic Love and the Attainment of Marital Values. Women's Strategic Studies, 14(56), 247-283. [In Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20082827.1391.14.56.7.3

Tavasoli, A., & Saeidi, V. (2011). The Impact of Women's Employment on Power Structure in Eyvankey Families. Woman in Development & Politics, 9(3), 133-149. [In Persian]. https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/article_23653.html

Tazikinejad, A., Shafihi Sardasht, J., & Shamsyan, E. (2014). Marriage From the Perspective of Economics of Law. Journal of Family Research, 10(1), 7-29. [In Persian]. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96683.html

Teimouri Arshad, R., Rezaei, A., & Sadeghi, R. (2023). Prevalence of Early Marriage of Girls and its Determinant Factors in Iranian Counties in 2016. Journal of Family Research, 18(4), 599-621. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.48308/JFR.18.4.599

Veljanovski. C (2006). The Economics of Law, (Second edition), London, Great Britain Pub. https://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/upldbook391pdf.pdf

Zamandi, A.A. (2020). The study of social and economic factors affecting child marriage in Joghtai during the years 2014-2017, Master Thesis, Payam Noor University of Parand Center, Tehran Province. [In Persian].

Zareei-Mahmoudabadi H, Zarei F. (2021), Causes and Consequences of Early marriage and the Occurrence of Child Marriage in Female Students in Yazd Province: Grounded Theory Study. Toloo-e Behdasht, 20(3), 12-27. [In Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/tbj.v20i3.7458

Zarrabi, V., Mostafavi, S.F. (2012) Effect of Socioeconomic Factors on Women’s Age at Marriage in Iran. Economic Research, 11(4), 33-64. [In Persian]. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17356768.1390.11.4.3.7