Population Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122Ethnic Differences in Women's Marriage Behavior and Their Attitudes toward Daughter's Marriage in Uromiah TownshipsEthnic Differences in Women's Marriage Behavior and Their Attitudes toward Daughter's Marriage in Uromiah Townships728722536FAHatamHosseini1. Assistant Professor of Demography, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University0000-0002-4512-9225Journal Article20250407The aim of this paper is to study Kurd and Turk women's marriage behavior and their attitudes toward the marriage of daughters. The data are derived from a survey containing 768 samples of ever-married women in Uromiah Township. The qualified women for study were 739 in the sample. Results show that there are significant differences between Kurd and Turk women in some behavioral and attitudinal aspects related to marriage and family formation. Kinship marriage is more common among Kurds. Although the tendency to consanguine marriage decreased over time, Kurdish women still have a greater tendency than their Turkish counterparts in this regard. Results of multiple classification analysis (MCA) show that the effect of ethnicity on marriage with relatives, despite controlling for the effect of factors related to modernization and socioeconomic development, is still significant, but decreased under the impact of modernization forces over time. According to this study, women's education, place of residence, women's employment status, and type of employment are the main determinants of ethnic differences in attitudes toward the proper minimum age at marriage for daughters.The aim of this paper is to study Kurd and Turk women's marriage behavior and their attitudes toward the marriage of daughters. The data are derived from a survey containing 768 samples of ever-married women in Uromiah Township. The qualified women for study were 739 in the sample. Results show that there are significant differences between Kurd and Turk women in some behavioral and attitudinal aspects related to marriage and family formation. Kinship marriage is more common among Kurds. Although the tendency to consanguine marriage decreased over time, Kurdish women still have a greater tendency than their Turkish counterparts in this regard. Results of multiple classification analysis (MCA) show that the effect of ethnicity on marriage with relatives, despite controlling for the effect of factors related to modernization and socioeconomic development, is still significant, but decreased under the impact of modernization forces over time. According to this study, women's education, place of residence, women's employment status, and type of employment are the main determinants of ethnic differences in attitudes toward the proper minimum age at marriage for daughters.https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722536_4412c8fb26c57aaaf595f971d0d76bcc.pdfPopulation Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122Level, Trend and Pattern of Educational Homogamy in IranLevel, Trend and Pattern of Educational Homogamy in Iran2955722537FAAbbasAskari-NodoushanAssistant Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd UniversityFatemehTorabiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran0000-0002-7520-1689Journal Article20250407Educational homogamy, or similarity of couples in terms of educational attainment, is one of the important aspects of mate selection, which, due to its social, economic, and emotional consequences, has centered the attention of many researchers around the world. Yet, no information regarding changes in educational homogamy and its levels in Iran is available. Using individual data from the 2% sample of the 2006 Iranian census, this paper examines four decades of change in the similarity of couples in terms of educational attainment. Specifically, changes in the general trend of educational homogamy as well as the specific pattern of homogamy in each level of education are examined for women born between 1940 and 1980. The findings suggest that the level of educational homogamy for these cohorts has reduced from 75% to 48%. In contrast, the proportion of women marrying husbands with lower educational attainment has increased from 4% to 24%. It seems that the fall in educational homogamy in Iran has corresponded with a rise in the share of higher educated women marrying men with lower education. In addition, the examination of changes in educational homogamy by the level of education shows an increase in homogamy in the intermediate levels and a decline in the upper and lower levels.Educational homogamy, or similarity of couples in terms of educational attainment, is one of the important aspects of mate selection, which, due to its social, economic, and emotional consequences, has centered the attention of many researchers around the world. Yet, no information regarding changes in educational homogamy and its levels in Iran is available. Using individual data from the 2% sample of the 2006 Iranian census, this paper examines four decades of change in the similarity of couples in terms of educational attainment. Specifically, changes in the general trend of educational homogamy as well as the specific pattern of homogamy in each level of education are examined for women born between 1940 and 1980. The findings suggest that the level of educational homogamy for these cohorts has reduced from 75% to 48%. In contrast, the proportion of women marrying husbands with lower educational attainment has increased from 4% to 24%. It seems that the fall in educational homogamy in Iran has corresponded with a rise in the share of higher educated women marrying men with lower education. In addition, the examination of changes in educational homogamy by the level of education shows an increase in homogamy in the intermediate levels and a decline in the upper and lower levels.https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722537_a494a5ca9f4abb6fa3ff50acc5812a55.pdfPopulation Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122A Survey on the Relationship Between Patriarchy and Reproductive Health in the City of YazdA Survey on the Relationship Between Patriarchy and Reproductive Health in the City of Yazd5674722538FAAkbarZare ShahabadiAssistant Professor, Yazd UniversityZaynabMirali SeydkhondiM. A. in SociologyJournal Article20250407This article attempts to elaborate on the relationship between patriarchy and reproductive health. The aim of this article is to answer the following questions: is patriarchy present in families? and can patriarchy as a social reality affect reproductive health? The method of research is a survey, and data are collected by questionnaire. The study population is married women in Khoramshad, Yazd, in 1388 (in the Iranian calendar). The sampling method is systematic, and the sample size is 131. Reliability of the questionnaire is obtained through Cronbach's alpha, and validity is measured with the content validity method. The research findings show that patriarchy has a negative relationship with reproductive health. Also, there is a significant relationship between reproductive health and the level of education of women, their husbands' education level, and women's age at marriage. In regression analysis, out of ten independent variables entered into the model, three variables—that is, the reproductive health of men, patriarchy of men, and patriarchy of women—have a significant relationship with the reproductive health of women. The reproductive health of men has the most impact in predicting the level of reproductive health of women.This article attempts to elaborate on the relationship between patriarchy and reproductive health. The aim of this article is to answer the following questions: is patriarchy present in families? and can patriarchy as a social reality affect reproductive health? The method of research is a survey, and data are collected by questionnaire. The study population is married women in Khoramshad, Yazd, in 1388 (in the Iranian calendar). The sampling method is systematic, and the sample size is 131. Reliability of the questionnaire is obtained through Cronbach's alpha, and validity is measured with the content validity method. The research findings show that patriarchy has a negative relationship with reproductive health. Also, there is a significant relationship between reproductive health and the level of education of women, their husbands' education level, and women's age at marriage. In regression analysis, out of ten independent variables entered into the model, three variables—that is, the reproductive health of men, patriarchy of men, and patriarchy of women—have a significant relationship with the reproductive health of women. The reproductive health of men has the most impact in predicting the level of reproductive health of women.https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722538_1024180e82188b1677c778d4ffa3ab2f.pdfPopulation Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122Patterns and Factors Affecting Marriage to First Birth Interval in IranPatterns and Factors Affecting Marriage to First Birth Interval in Iran75107722539FAMohammad JalalAbbasi-ShavaziProfessor, Department of Demography, University of Tehran; and future fellow, Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, Australian National University, AustraliaHajiieh BibiRazeghi NasrabadPhD Student in Demography, Department of Demography, University of TehranJournal Article20250407Remarkable changes in the life course of individuals have occurred in Iran during the past few decades. These changes are mirrored in reducing fertility rates, increasing the average age at marriage, first birth, and the reduction of early childbearing. Previous studies focused on fertility transition and birth interval in Iran. Using the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), this paper applies a survival analysis model to estimate the interval between marriage and first birth. Determinants associated with the risk of first birth are also examined. The result shows that the median length of the first-birth interval is 2.7 years and more than 85 percent of women progress to first birth within 5 years of their marriage. Time trends indicate a delay of the first birth from the 1990 or later marriage cohorts in Iran, and this postponement has strong associations with marriage age and recent tendencies of women for higher education. Living in less-developed provinces can also be associated with a higher probability of having the first birth within two years of marriage. However, this probability reduces in the third year of marriage as compared with that of other provinces.Remarkable changes in the life course of individuals have occurred in Iran during the past few decades. These changes are mirrored in reducing fertility rates, increasing the average age at marriage, first birth, and the reduction of early childbearing. Previous studies focused on fertility transition and birth interval in Iran. Using the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), this paper applies a survival analysis model to estimate the interval between marriage and first birth. Determinants associated with the risk of first birth are also examined. The result shows that the median length of the first-birth interval is 2.7 years and more than 85 percent of women progress to first birth within 5 years of their marriage. Time trends indicate a delay of the first birth from the 1990 or later marriage cohorts in Iran, and this postponement has strong associations with marriage age and recent tendencies of women for higher education. Living in less-developed provinces can also be associated with a higher probability of having the first birth within two years of marriage. However, this probability reduces in the third year of marriage as compared with that of other provinces.https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722539_fbb4a059039b549240f612da161dcfe6.pdfPopulation Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122A Historical Study on the Causes of Elite's Migration to Iran: With Emphasis on the Migration of Jabel Amel and Nestorian ScholarsA Historical Study on the Causes of Elite's Migration to Iran: With Emphasis on the Migration of Jabel Amel and Nestorian Scholars108127722540FAGholamrezaJamshidihaAssociate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranZahraMirhoseiniPhD student, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of TehranJournal Article20250407Studies on the history of world civilization reveal that the eminent position of science and civilization has not always belonged to a specific region or land, though occasionally a country in different parts of the earth has gained such status. Thus, migration as a useful way to achieve knowledge resources and obtain better opportunities in life has interested different strata of society, especially the elites. Results of this historical research suggest that Iran has faced mass migration of Nestorian and Jabal Amel scholars in two different eras: the reign of the Safavid dynasty and Anoushirvan Sassanid. The present article aims to identify the reasons underlying the migration of elites during these eras. It also reviews and evaluates different scientific, cultural, and social contexts pertaining to those periods. The research method consists of case study and documentary and library research.Studies on the history of world civilization reveal that the eminent position of science and civilization has not always belonged to a specific region or land, though occasionally a country in different parts of the earth has gained such status. Thus, migration as a useful way to achieve knowledge resources and obtain better opportunities in life has interested different strata of society, especially the elites. Results of this historical research suggest that Iran has faced mass migration of Nestorian and Jabal Amel scholars in two different eras: the reign of the Safavid dynasty and Anoushirvan Sassanid. The present article aims to identify the reasons underlying the migration of elites during these eras. It also reviews and evaluates different scientific, cultural, and social contexts pertaining to those periods. The research method consists of case study and documentary and library research.https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722540_7ab14fb0aad34d1772f562cb076d5206.pdfPopulation Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122Culture and Population Movements with Emphasis on Migration Trends in Iran and its NeighborsCulture and Population Movements with Emphasis on Migration Trends in Iran and its Neighbors128145722541FANaderM. HaghshenasInstructor, Center for Population Studies in Asia & Pacific0000-0002-3646-5745SaryehHeydariMA in DemographyJournal Article20250407The aim of this paper is to find out the relation between culture and population movements with emphasis on migration trends in Iran and its neighbors. The main question of this paper is: do countries with different historical and cultural experiences (e.g., Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey) and economic growth (e.g., Afghanistan vs. Pakistan) manifest similar patterns of migration trends? More specifically, the study attempts to examine Hammel's theory on the relation between demographic changes and cultural traits in Iran and its neighbors. The research method is documentary analysis. An attempt is made to use national and international sources. Data used in this research are mostly taken from the United Nations Population Division (2008) and the World Bank (2008) for the period 1990-2010 and the Human Development Report (HDR) for 2010. This study supports Hammel's theory for those countries that have similar human development levels. The aim of this paper is to find out the relation between culture and population movements with emphasis on migration trends in Iran and its neighbors. The main question of this paper is: do countries with different historical and cultural experiences (e.g., Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey) and economic growth (e.g., Afghanistan vs. Pakistan) manifest similar patterns of migration trends? More specifically, the study attempts to examine Hammel's theory on the relation between demographic changes and cultural traits in Iran and its neighbors. The research method is documentary analysis. An attempt is made to use national and international sources. Data used in this research are mostly taken from the United Nations Population Division (2008) and the World Bank (2008) for the period 1990-2010 and the Human Development Report (HDR) for 2010. This study supports Hammel's theory for those countries that have similar human development levels. https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722541_719b69df0d764fc5f2abd187bb463edc.pdfPopulation Association of IranJournal of Population Association of Iran2008-37425920101122The Impact of Social and Demographic Factors on Employment of Higher Education Graduates in the City of TehranThe Impact of Social and Demographic Factors on Employment of Higher Education Graduates in the City of Tehran146168722542FAHosseinMahmoudianAssociate Professor, Department of Demography, University of Tehran0000-0001-9271-6687MarjanRashvandMA student, Department of Demography of TehranJournal Article20250407Highly educated labor force is one of the important resources in achieving social and economic development in every country. Tehran, as the capital city, has had the highest level of higher education graduates within the country. This paper aims to investigate socio-demographic factors affecting the employment of the graduates. Data come from a 2% sample of individual records of Iran's 2006 census. The target population contains all higher education graduates aged 20-34 years old. Findings show that the employment of male graduates has a significant relationship with demographic (age, marital status, life-time migration, and recent migration) and social (the level and the field of education) factors. For the female graduates, the dependent variable has a significant relationship with all independent variables except having a child, number of children, and recent migration. Multivariate analyses show that demographic variables, compared to social ones, have stronger power in predicting the probability of employment. This can be attributed to the lack of appropriate jobs, the influx of higher graduates, and gender inequality in the labor market.Highly educated labor force is one of the important resources in achieving social and economic development in every country. Tehran, as the capital city, has had the highest level of higher education graduates within the country. This paper aims to investigate socio-demographic factors affecting the employment of the graduates. Data come from a 2% sample of individual records of Iran's 2006 census. The target population contains all higher education graduates aged 20-34 years old. Findings show that the employment of male graduates has a significant relationship with demographic (age, marital status, life-time migration, and recent migration) and social (the level and the field of education) factors. For the female graduates, the dependent variable has a significant relationship with all independent variables except having a child, number of children, and recent migration. Multivariate analyses show that demographic variables, compared to social ones, have stronger power in predicting the probability of employment. This can be attributed to the lack of appropriate jobs, the influx of higher graduates, and gender inequality in the labor market.https://www.jpaiassoc.ir/article_722542_ba24f27d46afc34cbf7ad7b96ec75383.pdf