زمینه های طرح مهاجرت خانوادگی از سوی زنانِ مهاجر ساکنِ استان تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار جمعیت شناسی، بخش جامعه شناسی و برنامه ریزی اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز

2 دانشیار گروه جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

در جریان مهاجرت­های داخلی در ایران، زنان حضور قابل توجهی دارند. اما با وجود این، در مطالعات تجربی کمتر بشمار آمده­اند. مطالعه حاضر به­دنبال بررسی سهم زنان در طرح مهاجرت در خانواده است. برای این منظور تعداد 500 نفر زن مهاجر دارای همسر در مناطق 4 و 5 شهر تهران و نیز شهر ملارد با استفاده از روش پیمایش و ابزار پرسشنامه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. یافته­ها نشان داد که زنان از قدرت نسبتاً بالایی در خانواده برخوردارند و در بسیاری از موارد اولین فرد مطرح کنندۀ مهاجرت خانوادگی به استان تهران هستند. برخلاف ادعای مرسوم یعنی تبعی بودن مهاجرت زنان، نتایج این مطالعه گویای آن است که زنان خود از زمینه سازان مهاجرت بوده و با توجه به روند رو به بهبود موقعیت زنان در جامعه، حتی انتظار می­رود سهم آنها در زمینه سازی مهاجرت خانواده افزایش یابد. مهاجرت به استان تهران و سکونت در تهران بی­تردید پیامدهایی برای زنان و حتی کلیت خانواده آنها به­دنبال خواهد داشت و ساختار کنونی خانواده­ها پس از مهاجرت به چالش کشیده خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Contexts of Propose of Family migration by Migrant women living in Tehran province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Serajeddin Mahmoudiani 1
  • Hossein Mahmoudian 2
1 Assistant professor, Department of Sociology and Social Planning, Shiraz University
2 Associate Professor, Department of Demography, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Despite that a large number of Iranian women are involved in internal migration, they have rarely been considered in empirical studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of women as proposers of family migration and its determinants. For this aim, a total of 500 of migrant women in the cities of Tehran and Mallard were surveyed by using questionnaire and multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings indicate that the women have relatively high power in their family and in large number of cases, they are the first proposer of migration. Contrary to conventional notion that emphasize on women as tied migrants, the results of this study show that women appear as providers of family migration. Given that the social status of Iranian women, especially from the point of view of education, is improving, it expected that their role in migration will increase in the future. Migrating to Tehran province and residing in this province has some consequences for women and even whole family and it may cause changes in the family structure after migration.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Women
  • Power in the family
  • Family Migration
  • Proposer of Migration
  • Tehran Province
-         اسماعیلی، نصیبه (1388). بررسی نقش زنان در جریان تصمیم­گیری مهاجرت­های خانوادگی، پایان‏نامه کارشناسی­ارشد جمعیّت­شناسی، گروه جمعیّت­شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران.
-         پورتال شهرداری منطقه 5 تهران (1395). سایت شهرداری منطقه 5، شهر تهران، تهران، ایران.
-         راغفر، حسین و علی قاسمی­اردهایی (1388). علل مهاجرت و ویژگی­های جمعیّتی-اقتصادی مهاجران بین شهرستانی: بررسی تطبیقی مهاجران شهر به روستا و روستا به شهر ایران طی دهه 1375-1385، نامه انجمن جمعیّت شناسی ایران، سال چهارم، شماره 8، صص 39-61.
-         زنجانی، حبیب­الله (1380) مهاجرت، تهران: سمت.
-         مرکز آمار ایران (1390). نتایج تفصیلی سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن 1390.
-         نایبی، هوشنگ و میمنت گلشنی (1392). تأثیر منابع در دسترس زنان بر قدرت تصمیم­گیری در خانواده: مطالعه تجربی شهر بابل،  نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست، دوره 11، شماره 1، صص 135-152.
-         Assar H (1993). Family migration in Iran: The role of women and kinship ties, 1976-1986, PhD thesis Department of Economics, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
-         Bell, M., Charles-Edwards, E., Kupiszewska, D., Kupiszewskai, M., Stillwell, J and Zhu, Y (2014). International migration data around the world: Assessing contemporary practice, Population, Space and Place, 21: 1-33.
-         Benway, G.L (2006). Gender migration: Dominican women and men negotiate work and family in province Rhode Island, PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brown University.
-         Boyle, J., Cooke, T.J., Gayle, V., and Mulder, C.H (2009). The effect of family migration on union dissolution in Britain, In: Stalford, H., Currie, S and Velluti, S (Ed.), Gender and migration in 21st century Europe, England: Ashgate Publishing Company.
-         Buchanan Stafford S.H (1984). Haitian immigrant women: A cultural perspective, Anthropologica New Series, 26(2): 171-189.
-         Chattopadhyay, A (2000). Gender differences in socioeconomic returns to family migration in Malaysia: The role of family decision making versus labor market stratification, Gender Issues, 18 (2): 29-47.
-         Cooke, T.J., Boyle, P., Couch, K., and Feijten, P (2009). A longitudinal analysis of family migration and the gender gap in earnings in the United States and Great Britain, Demography, 46: 147-167.
-         Cote, R.R., Jensen, J.E., Roth, L.M., and Way, S.M (2015). The effect of gendered social capital on U.S. migration: A comparison of four Latin American countries, Demography, 52: 989-1015.
-         Curran, S. R., and A. C. Saguy (2001), Migration and Cultural Change: A Role for Gender and Social Networks? Journal of International Women's Studies, 2(3): 54-77.
-         Curran, S.R., Shafer, S., Donato, K.M. and Garip, F (2006). Mapping Gender and Migration in Sociological Scholarship: Is It Segregation or Integration? International Migration Review 40(1): 199-223.
-         DaVanzo, J (1981). Microeconomic approaches to studying migration decisions, in: De­­ Jong, G.F., and Gardner, R.W, “Migration Decision Making; Multidisciplinary Approaches to Micro Level Studies in Developed and Developing Countries”, New York: Pergamon Press.
-         Fields, G.S (1982). Place-to-place migration in Colombia, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 30 (3): 539-558.
-         Georg, S.M (2005). When women come first: Gender and class in transnational migration, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
-         Harris, J. R., and M. P. Todaro (1970) “Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two Sector Analysis.” American Economic Review, 60: 126-142.
-         Hiller H and McCaig K (2007). Reassessing the role of partnered women in migration decision-making and migration outcomes, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(3): 457-472.
-         Jacka, T (2006). Rural women in urban China: Gender, migration, and social change, New York: M.E. Sharpe Publication.
-         Kanaiaupuni, S.M (1995). The role of women in the social process of migration: Household organizational strategies of Mexican families, PhD dissertation, Faculty of the Division of the social sciences, Department of Sociology, Chicago University.
-         Kofman, E., Phizacklea, A., Raghuram, P., and Sales, R (2000). Gender and international migration in Europe, 1nd edn, London: Routledge Press.
-         Li, C.H (2001). Family and internal migration in Taiwan, PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology and Urban Affairs Program, Michigan State University
-         Lindstrom, D.P. (1997) The Impact of Temporary U.S. Migration on Fertility of Female Migrants: The Case of Temporary Migration in a Rural Mexican Township. Working Paper, Brown University.
-         Liu Y (2011). An examination of married women’s migration experiences in South China’s garment industry, PhD Dissertation in Sociology, York University.
-         Massey, D.S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci A., Pellegrino, A and Taylor, J.E (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal, Population and Development Review, 19(3): 431-466. 
-         McCatty, M (2004). The process of rural-urban migration in developing countries, Ottawa, Ontario
-         McDowell, L (2013). Gender, migration and employment in Britain, 1945-2007, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell Publication.
-         McGregor, J (2006). Professional relocating: Zimbabwean nurses and teachers negotiating work and family in Britain, Geographical Paper, No. 178, Reading: University of Reading.
-         Munshi, K (2003). Networks in the Modern Economy: Mexican Migrants in the U.S. Labor Market, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2): 549-599.
-         Neto, F., and Mullet, E (1998). Decision-making as regards migration: Wage differential, job opportunity, and the network effect, Acta Psychologica, 98 (1): 57-66.
-         Nobles J and McKelvey C (2015). Gender, power and migration from Mexico, Demography, 52: 1573-1600.
-         Ortiz, V (1996). Migration and marriage among Puerto Rican women, International Migration Review, 30(2): 460-484.
-         Parrado E. Flippen C and McQuiston C (2005). Migration and relationship power among Mexican women, Demography, 42(2): 347-372.
-         Pedraza S (1991). Women and migration: The social consequences of gender, Annual Review of Sociology, 17: 303-325.
-         Pittin, R (1984). Migration of women in Nigeria: The Hausa case, The International Migration Review, 18 (4): 1293-1314.
-         Ranis, G., and Fei, J.C.H (1961). A Theory of Economic Development, The American Economy Review, 51 (4): 533-565.
-         Rowland D. (2003). Demographic Methods and Concepts, Oxford University Press.
-         Sharpe, P (2001). Gender and the experience of migration, In: Sharpe, P, Women, gender and labour migration: Historical and global perspective, London: Rutledge Press.
-         Sjaastad, L.A. (1962) “The Costs and Returns of Human Migration.” The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5): 80-93.
-         Stark, O (1991). The Migration of Labor. Oxford, Blackwell.
-         Sudarkasa, N (1977). Women and migration in contemporary west Africa, Sings, 3 (1): 178-189.
-         Todaro, M. P. (1969) A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, American Economic Review, 59: 138-148.
-         Todaro, P.M. (1971). Income Expectations, Rural-Urban Migration and Employment in Africa, International Labor Review, 104 (5): 12-24.
-         Uteng, T.P (2011). Gender and migration in developing world, Background Paper, World Development Report, World Bank.
-         Velayati, M (2003). Female rural-urban migration of Azari women in Iran: The case study of Tabriz, PhD Dissertation in Department of Politics, University of York.